Nawabs of the Carnatic (also referred to as the Nawabs of Arcot) ruled the Carnatic region of South India between about 1690 and 1801. The Carnatic was a dependency of Hyderabad Deccan, and was under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad, until their demise. They initially had their capital at Arcot in the present-day Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Their rule is an important period in the history of Carnatic and Coromandel regions, in which the Mughal Empire gave way to the rising influence of the Maratha Empire, and later the emergence of the British Raj.
The Nawabs of the Carnatic trace their origin back to second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. The Nawab of the Carnatic was established by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, who in 1692 appointed Zulfikhar Ali Khan as the first Nawab of the Carnatic, with his seat at Arcot as a reward for his victory over the Marathas led by Rajaram. With the Vijayanagara Empire in serious decline, the Nawabdom of the Carnatic controlled a vast territory south of the Krishna river. The Nawab Saadatullah Khan I (1710–1732) moved his court from Gingee to Arcot. His successor Dost Ali (1732–1740) conquered and annexed Madurai in 1736. In 1740, the Maratha forces descended on Arcot. They attacked the Nawab, Dost Ali Khan, in the pass of Damalcherry. In the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and a number of prominent persons lost their lives. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. From Damalcherry the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Chanda Saheb and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah (1749–1795) became the ruler in 1765. Wallajah supported the English against the French and Hyder Ali, placing him heavily in debt. As a result he had to surrender much of his territory to the East India Company. Paul Benfield an English businessman made one of his mayor loans to the Nawab for the purpose of enabling him, who with the aid of the English, had invaded and conquered the Maratha state of Tanjore. The thirteenth Nawab, Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan (1825–1855), died without issue, and the British annexed the Carnatic Nawabdom, applying the doctrine of lapse. Ghouse Khan's uncle Azim Jah was created the first Prince of Arcot (Amir-e-Arcot) in 1867 by Queen Victoria, and was given a tax free-pension in perpetuity. This privilege continues to be honoured by the Government of India, even after the 26th Amendment withdrew recognition for titles and the privy purse for other former princely rulers. This status is protected by the Indian Constitution, and the family continues to retain its privileges and titles. The current Prince of Arcot, Abdul Ali, inherited the title in July 1994.
The Nawabs of the Carnatic trace their origin back to second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. The Nawab of the Carnatic was established by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, who in 1692 appointed Zulfikhar Ali Khan as the first Nawab of the Carnatic, with his seat at Arcot as a reward for his victory over the Marathas led by Rajaram. With the Vijayanagara Empire in serious decline, the Nawabdom of the Carnatic controlled a vast territory south of the Krishna river. The Nawab Saadatullah Khan I (1710–1732) moved his court from Gingee to Arcot. His successor Dost Ali (1732–1740) conquered and annexed Madurai in 1736. In 1740, the Maratha forces descended on Arcot. They attacked the Nawab, Dost Ali Khan, in the pass of Damalcherry. In the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and a number of prominent persons lost their lives. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. From Damalcherry the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Chanda Saheb and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur. Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah (1749–1795) became the ruler in 1765. Wallajah supported the English against the French and Hyder Ali, placing him heavily in debt. As a result he had to surrender much of his territory to the East India Company. Paul Benfield an English businessman made one of his mayor loans to the Nawab for the purpose of enabling him, who with the aid of the English, had invaded and conquered the Maratha state of Tanjore. The thirteenth Nawab, Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan (1825–1855), died without issue, and the British annexed the Carnatic Nawabdom, applying the doctrine of lapse. Ghouse Khan's uncle Azim Jah was created the first Prince of Arcot (Amir-e-Arcot) in 1867 by Queen Victoria, and was given a tax free-pension in perpetuity. This privilege continues to be honoured by the Government of India, even after the 26th Amendment withdrew recognition for titles and the privy purse for other former princely rulers. This status is protected by the Indian Constitution, and the family continues to retain its privileges and titles. The current Prince of Arcot, Abdul Ali, inherited the title in July 1994.
| Subedar Nawabs of the Carnatic | ||
| Ruler | Reign | |
| Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung | 1692 – 1703 | |
| Daud Khan Panni | 1703 – 1710 | |
| Sa'adatullah Khan I | 1710 – 1732 | |
| Dost Ali Khan | 1732 – 1740 | |
| Safdar Ali Khan | 1740 – 1742 | |
| Sa'adatullah Khan II | 1742 – 1744 | |
| Anwaruddin Khan | 1744 – 1749 | |
| Semi-Independent Nawabs of Carnatic | ||
| Ruler | Reign | |
| Anwaruddin Khan | 1744 – 1749 | |
| Nawabs of Carnatic under European Influence | ||
| Ruler | Reign | |
| Chanda Shahib | 1749 – 1752 | |
| Muhammad Ali Khan Wala-Jah | 1749 – 1795 | |
| Umdat ul-Umara | 1795 – 1801 | |
| Azim-ud-Daula | 1801 – 1819 | |
| Azam Jah | 1819 – 1825 | |
| Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan | 1825 – 1855 | |
| Princes of Arcot | ||
| Ruler | Reign | |
| Azim Jah | 1867 – 1874 | |
| Sir Zahir-ud-Daula Bahadur | 1874 – 1879 | |
| Intizam-ul-Mulk Muazzal ud-Daula Bahadu | 1879 – 1889 | |
| Sir Muhammad Munawar Khan Bahadur | 1889 – 1903 | |
| Sir Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan Bahadu | 1903 – 1952 | |
| Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan Bahadur | 1952 – 1969 | |
| Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader | 1969 – 1993 | |
| Muhammed Abdul Ali | 1993 – current | |
¼ Paisa - Muhammad Ali in the name of Shah Alam II, unlisted in KM#
Rev : Inscription - Zarb sana julus. Date AH1191
Details :
Plain edge.
unlisted in KM#
1 Rupee - Muhammad Ali in the name of Muhammad Shah, KM#50
Rev : Mint Arkat. Mint name at the bottom, regnal year RY#1x.
Mint mark: Bud or flower above "J" of "Julus".
Details :
Plain edge.
KM#50
References :
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_State
- South Asian Coins & Paper Money (INDIAN EDITION) - Krause Publication
